For example, Köhler (1925) studied an ape called Sultan. He (the ape rather than Köhler!) was kept inside a cage, and could only reach a banana outside the cage by joining two sticks together.
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He (the ape rather than Köhler!) was kept inside a cage
The ape was kept inside a cage
Köhler was kept inside a cage
dependent elements, may differentiate between meanings or carry meaning themselves (e.g. phoneme, grapheme, morpheme)
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independent elements, may consist of subelements and carry meaning (e.g. word)
structure of two or more elements, expandable, may be composed ad hoc or be established components (e.g. phraseme, single phrase, figure).
one or more elements and/or complex elements, which may be structurally linked and form a self-contained unit of meaning (e.g. sentence; group of figures)
the part of a whole which carries a message, is thematically essentially self-contained, and which is structurally and/or thematically separated from the whole it belongs to (e.g. section of text/discourse/speech; picture (with cotext))
network of thematically, structurally and/or functionally linked sub-units, separated and independent from other complexes, and complete in itself (e.g. text; discourse; speech; poem; dramatic text; picture and circumstances of reception)
an in principle indefinite amount of thematically, structurally and/or functionally comparable complexes (e.g. thematically, structurally and/or functionally linked texts/discourses/speeches/pictures in comparison; political debate)
The ambiguity is instantly resolved by the author.
